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This mode is driver-dependent, and only a relatively small number of network cards support this mode under Windows. One of the best free utilities for monitoring wireless traffic and cracking WEP/WPA-PSK keys is the suite, which we will use throughout this article. It has both Linux and Windows versions (provided your network card is supported under Windows). The aircrack-ng site has a comprehensive list of supported network cards available here:. If your network card is not supported under Windows, one can use a free Linux Live CD to boot the system. Is probably the most commonly used distribution, since it runs from a Live CD, and has aircrack-ng and a number of related security auduting tools already installed. For this article, I am using aircrack-ng on another Linux distro (Fedora Core) on a Sony Vaio SZ-680 laptop, using the built-in Intel 4965agn network card. If you're using the BackTrack CD aircrack-ng is already installed, with my version of linux it was as simple as finding it with: yum search aircrack-ng yum install aircrack-ng The aircrack-ng suite is a collection of command-line programs aimed at and WPA-PSK key cracking. The ones we will be using are: airmon-ng - script used for switching the wireless network card to monitor mode airodump-ng - for monitoring and capturing network packets aireplay-ng - used to generate additional traffic on the wireless network aircrack-ng - used to recover the key, or launch a dictionary attack on WPA-PSK using the captured data. Setup (airmon-ng) As mentioned above, to capture network traffic wihtout being associated with an, we need to set the wireless network card in monitor mode. To do that under linux, in a terminal window (logged in as root), type: iwconfig (to find all wireless network interfaces and their status) airmon-ng start wlan0 (to set in monitor mode, you may have to substitute wlan0 for your own interface name) Note: You can use the su command to switch to a root account. Other related Linux commands: ifconfig (to list available network interfaces, my network card is listed as wlan0) ifconfig wlan0 down (to stop the specified network card) ifconfig wlan0 hw ether 00:11:22:33:44:55 (change the address of a - can even simulate the of an associated client. Should be stopped before chaning address) iwconfig wlan0 mode monitor (to set the network card in monitor mode) ifconfig wlan0 up (to start the network card) iwconfig - similar to ifconfig, but dedicated to the wireless interfaces. Recon Stage (airodump-ng) This step assumes you've already set your wireless network interface in monitor mode. It can be checked by executing the iwconfig command. Next step is finding available wireless networks, and choosing your target: airodump-ng mon0 - monitors all channels, listing available access points and associated clients within range. It is best to select a target network with strong signal (PWR column), more traffic (Beacons/Data columns) and associated clients (listed below all access points). Once you've selected a target, note its Channel and BSSID ( address). Also note any STATION associated with the same BSSID (client addresses). Running airodump-ng displays all wireless access points and associated clients in range, as well as addresses,, signal levels and other information about them. Crack Cap File Without Dictionary Definitions FreeIs much easier to crack than WPA-PSK, as it only requires data capturing (between 20k and 40k packets), while WPA-PSK needs a dictionary attack on a captured handshake between the and an associated client which may or may not work. Capture Data (airodump-ng) To capture data into a file, we use the airodump-ng tool again, with some additional switches to target a specific AP and channel. Most importantly, you should restrict monitoring to a single channel to speed up data collection, otherwise the wireless card has to alternate between all channels. Assuming our wireless card is mon0, and we want to capture packets on channel 6 into a text file called data: airodump-ng -c 6 bssid 00:0F:CC:7D:5A:74 -w data mon0 (-c6 switch would capture data on channel 6, bssid 00:0F:CC:7D:5A:74 is the address of our target, -w data specifies that we want to save captured packets into a file called 'data' in the current directory, mon0 is our wireless network adapter) Running airodump-ng on a single channel targeting a specific Notes: You typically need between 20,000 and 40,000 data packets to successfully recover a key. One can also use the '--ivs' switch with the airodump-ng command to capture only IVs, instead of whole packets, reducing the required disk space. However, this switch can only be used if targeting a network, and renders some types of attacks useless. Increase Traffic (aireplay-ng) - optional step for cracking An active network can usually be penetrated within a few minutes. However, slow networks can take hours, even days to collect enough data for recovering the key. This optional step allows a compatible network interface to inject/generate packets to increase traffic on the wireless network, therefore greatly reducing the time required for capturing data. The aireplay-ng command should be executed in a separate terminal window, concurrent to airodump-ng. It requires a compatible network card and driver that allows for injection mode. Assuming your network card is capable of injecting packets, in a separate terminal window try: aireplay-ng -3 -b 00:0F:CC:7D:5A:74 -h 00:14:A5:2F:A7:DE -x 50 wlan0 -3 --> this specifies the type of attack, in our case ARP-request replay -b. --> address of -h. --> address of associated client from airodump -x 50 --> limit to sending 50 packets per second wlan0 --> our wireless network interface aireplay-ng allows for injecting packets to greatly reduce the time required to recover a key Notes: To test whether your is able to inject packets, you may want to try: aireplay-ng -9 wlan0. You may also want to read the information available. To see all available replay attacks, type just: aireplay-ng 5. Crack (aircrack-ng) cracking is a simple process, only requiring collection of enough data to then extract the key and connect to the network. Crack Cap File Without Dictionary DefinitionsYou can crack the key while capturing data. In fact, aircrack-ng will re-attempt cracking the key after every 5000 packets. To attempt recovering the key, in a new terminal window, type: aircrack-ng data*.cap (assuming your capture file is called data.cap, and is located in the same directory) aircrack-ng can successfully recover a key with 10-40k captured packets. The retreived key is in hexadecimal, and can be entered directly into a wireless client omitting the ':' separators Notes: If your data file contains ivs/packets from different access points, you may be presented with a list to choose which one to recover. Usually, between 20k and 40k packets are needed to successfully crack a key. It may sometimes work with as few as 10,000 packets with short keys. Crack WPA or PSK (aircrack-ng) WPA, unlike rotates the network key on a per- basis, rendering the method of penetration useless. Cracking a WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK key requires a dictionary attack on a handshake between an and a client. What this means is, you need to wait until a wireless client associates with the network (or deassociate an already connected client so they automatically reconnect). All that needs to be captured is the initial 'four-way-handshake' association between the and a client. Essentially, the weakness of WPA-PSK comes down to the passphrase. A short/weak passphrase makes it vulnerable to dictionary attacks. To successfully crack a WPA-PSK network, you first need a capture file containing handshake data. This can be obtained using the same technique as with in step 3 above, using airodump-ng. You may also try to deauthenticate an associated client to speed up this process of capturing a handshake, using: aireplay-ng --deauth 3 -a MAC_AP -c MAC_Client mon0 (where MAC_IP is the address of the, MAC_Client is the address of an associated client, mon0 is your wireless ). The command output looks something like: 12:34:56 Waiting for beakon frame (BSSID: 00:11:22:33:44:55:66) on channel 6 12:34:56 Sending 64 directed DeAuth. STMAC: [00:11:22:33:44:55:66] [ 5:62 ACKs] Note the last two numbers in brackets [ 5:62 ACKs] show the number of acknowledgements received from the client (first number) and the AP (second number). |
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